Analyzing a mobile device&#39;s movement pattern during a pressure change to detect that a state of an air-conditioning system has changed

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is an approach for detecting that a state of an air-conditioning system in a building has changed and ultimately determining the air-conditioning system&#39;s operating pattern, which could help improve collection and/or use of crowdsourced data for an indoor positioning solution and thus lead to more accurate position estimates. According to the disclosed approach, processor(s) may receive pressure and movement data from a mobile device. The pressure data may indicate a pressure change, and the movement data may indicate a movement pattern of the mobile device that occurred substantially during the pressure change. Given this, processor(s) could make a determination that the movement pattern lacks a substantial change in altitude of the mobile device during the pressure change and could use this determination as basis to detect that the state of the air-conditioning system has changed.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the field of indoorpositioning technologies, and more specifically to methods and systemsfor detecting that a state of an air-conditioning system has changed,which in turn could help improve positioning performance as furtherdescribed herein.

BACKGROUND

In practice, indoor positioning technologies could provide for numerousbenefits, such as by enabling indoor navigation and/or tracking ofassets inside of buildings, among other possibilities. Generallyspeaking, an indoor positioning solution can be commercially successfulif it is globally scalable, has low deployment and maintenance costs,and offers an acceptable end-user experience. To facilitate this, thesolution could be based on existing infrastructure in buildings and onexisting capabilities in consumer devices, such as on radio (e.g., Wi-Fiand/or Bluetooth) technologies that are already supported in numerousconsumer devices on the market.

One approach for such radio-based indoor positioning could involvecrowdsourced collection of data from mobile devices (e.g., datarepresenting measurements of radio signals respectively observed by themobile devices), which may then be used for generating radio map(s). Aradio map may effectively model a radio environment in an indoor area,and could enable an entity (e.g., a server or a mobile device) todetermine characteristics of radio signals that are expected to beobservable respectively at different locations in the indoor area. Giventhis, the entity could compare further (e.g., radio) measurements from amobile device to the radio map, to estimate a position of the mobiledevice in the indoor area.

The crowdsourcing process could involve collection of altitude data frommobile devices in a building, which would be particularly beneficial forenabling a three-dimensional (3D) indoor positioning solution.Typically, due to structures of multi-level buildings, radiomeasurements (e.g., received signal strengths) in a horizontal locationof an indoor area may vary significantly as a function of altitude/floorlevel. Given this, the crowdsourcing process may involve collection ofaltitude data from mobile devices, which may represent absolute and/orrelative altitude(s) and/or may take the form of pressure datarepresenting pressure measurements useful for determining suchaltitude(s). For instance, a mobile device could provide a “fingerprint”to a server configured to generate a radio map, the fingerprintincluding radio measurement(s) by the mobile device and altitude datarepresenting an altitude of the mobile device substantially during theradio measurement(s). As such, the server could associate certainaltitude data with certain radio measurements, so as to generate a radiomap that accurately represents characteristics of radio signals expectedto be observable respectively at different attitudes/floors of an indoorarea, which in turn could enable accurate positioning estimations, e.g.,in a multi-level building.

Although the above-described crowdsourcing process could help quicklybuild global coverage, there are various technical challenges associatedwith such a process. For instance, altitude data collected during thecrowdsourcing process may sometimes be inaccurate, thereby potentiallyleading to generation of an inaccurate radio map and ultimately toinaccurate position estimates, which is problematic. Often, suchinaccuracies may arise due to collection of crowdsourced data takingplace while an air-conditioning system in a building is off.

More specifically, a barometer is typically relied upon to providealtitude data in the crowdsourcing process, because it is the onlysensor that can ubiquitously provide information related to devicealtitude changes in consumer mobile devices. Generally, a barometer isconfigured to measure atmospheric (air) pressure in the environment. Andbecause air pressure outdoors changes with altitude in a predictablemanner (e.g., according to the well-known barometric formula), thebarometer's pressure measurement(s) could be used for estimatingaltitude(s) of a mobile device.

Unfortunately, although the predictable relationship between pressureand altitude changes typically holds true in an outdoor environment, itdoes not always hold true in an indoor environment. In particular, thestack effect (also known as the chimney effect) relates to movement ofair into and out of building due to a difference in air density betweenthe inside and outside of the building. This difference in air densitycould result from temperature (e.g., heat) and/or moisture differences,among other possibilities. In any case, the stack effect may beproblematic, because it may cause (i) indoor pressure in lower floors ofa building to be lower than the pressure outdoors, and (ii) indoorpressure in higher floors of the building to be higher than the pressureoutdoors, thereby leading an abnormal relationship between pressure andaltitudes changes inside of the building (e.g., an abnormal verticalpressure gradient). Because this relationship may be abnormal, abarometer could inadvertently provide inaccurate altitude data inside ofthe building (e.g., due to pressure measurements that are unexpected ata given altitude of the mobile device).

Although the stack effect could present some issues, it is oftenpossible to effectively remove the stack effect through use of anair-conditioning system in a building. When an air-conditioning systemin a building is on, the pressure difference between the inside of thebuilding and the outside of the building is kept either negative (theinside of the building has a lower pressure than the outside of thebuilding) or positive (the inside of the building has a higher pressurethan the outside of the building). This effectively removes the abnormalvertical pressure gradient that is caused by the stack effect, therebymakes the relationship between pressure and altitude inside of thebuilding more predictable. As a result, a barometer is likely to providemore accurate altitude data when an air-conditioning system in abuilding is on compared to the altitude data it would provide when theair-conditioning system is off.

Given this, altitude data that is collected when an air-conditioningsystem in a building is on may be considered to be more accurate,reliable, and trustworthy. Thus, during the described crowdsourcingprocess, it would be more beneficial to collect data when theair-conditioning system is on, rather than off.

At issue then is how to automatically detect that a state of anair-conditioning system has changed (e.g., that the air-conditioningsystem has been switched on or off) A technical solution for accuratelydetecting the change at issue could help give rise to a globallyscalable and high-definition 3D indoor positioning technology.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are various approaches for detecting that a state of anair-conditioning system in a building has changed (e.g. that theair-conditioning system has been switched on or switched off). One ormore of these approaches could be applied to determine an operatingpattern of the air-conditioning system over time, which may indicatetimes when the air-conditioning system has been and/or is expected to beon as well as times when the air-conditioning system has been and/or isexpected to be off. Understanding this operating pattern couldultimately help improve accuracy of position estimates in an indoorpositioning solution, as described herein.

Typically, when an air-conditioning system is switched on or off, suchan event shows up as an abrupt pressure change in pressure-basedaltitude reading(s) by a barometer (e.g., in a mobile device). So, as aninitial matter, at question is how to distinguish between (i) a pressurechange resulting from a change in the state of the air-conditioningsystem and (ii) a pressure change resulting from a change inaltitude/floor by a mobile device.

The first approach may involve analyzing a mobile device's movementpattern during a pressure change to help make the distinction at issue,which could in turn help detect that a state of the air-conditioningsystem has changed. According to the first approach, an entity (e.g., aserver) could receive (i) movement data (e.g., from inertial sensor(s)of a mobile device) indicating a movement pattern of the mobile deviceas well as (ii) pressure data (e.g., from a barometer of the mobiledevice) indicating a pressure change. In some cases, such data might bereceived as part of the crowdsourcing process, which means that thefirst approach could advantageously rely on data that would have beencollected anyways during the crowdsourcing process. In any case, if theentity makes a determination that the movement pattern does not indicatea substantial change in altitude of the mobile device during thepressure change, this may serve as an indication that the pressurechange occurred due to a change in the state of the air-conditioningsystem, thereby enabling detection of this state change based on thedetermination.

In contrast, the second approach may involve analyzing pressure datafrom a stationary mobile device to detect that a state of anair-conditioning system has changed. Typically, when pressure data iscollected from the mobile device during the crowdsourcing process, it iscollected when the mobile device has been detected as moving. But inthis second approach, the entity could cause the mobile device toprovide pressure data representing air pressure in the building whilethe mobile device is stationary, thereby effectively changing the datacollection logic and collecting pressure data outside of thecrowdsourcing process. And because an altitude of a mobile device isunlikely to change while the mobile device is stationary, this meansthat any pressure change detected while the mobile device is stationarymay result from a change in the state of the air-conditioning system. Assuch, if the pressure data indicates a pressure change and representsair pressure in the building while the mobile device is stationary, theentity could use this information to detect the state change in thestate of the air-conditioning system.

Although the first and second approaches, alone or in combination, canprovide for numerous benefits as described, also disclosed herein is athird approach that may involve analyzing sets of altitude datacollected from mobile device groups to detect that a state of anair-conditioning system in a building has changed.

In practice, different groups of mobile devices may provide sets ofaltitude data (e.g., over the course of a given day) respectively overdifferent time periods e.g., as part of the crowdsourcing process. Eachsuch set of altitude data could be used (perhaps in combination withother data) respectively as basis to generate a floor model of thebuilding, which could indicate respective altitude(s) of floors and/orthe number of floors in the building, among other options.

Given this, an entity could generate a floor model respectively for eachset of altitude data collected from one of the groups of mobile devicesover a given time period. And if one of the generated floor models issubstantially different from the rest (e.g., indicates a differentnumber of floors and/or floors altitudes compared to the other generatedfloor models), this may serve as an indication that the set of altitudedata used for generating the floor model at issue may have at least someinaccurate altitude data, possibly due to a change in the state of theair-conditioning system during the particular time period when this setof altitude data was collected. As such, the entity could detect thatthe state of the air-conditioning system changed during the particulartime period based on a determination that the floor model at issue isdifferent compared to the others.

Advantageously, because the disclosed approaches could allow for animproved understanding of an air-conditioning system's operatingpattern, an entity could control collection of crowdsourced data in thebuilding to ensure that more accurate data is collected and/or coulddiscard data that is deemed to be inaccurate. For instance, the entitycould cause crowdsourced collection of data in the building to occuronly when the air-conditioning system has been detected as being on oris otherwise expected to be on. Additionally or alternatively, theentity could generate or update a radio map based on data that has beencollected while the air-conditioning system is on, but may discard,disregard, and/or filter out data that has be has been collected whilethe air-conditioning system is off. In this way, the entity couldgenerate more accurate radio map(s) and/or update existing radio map(s)for increased accuracy, thereby significantly improving accuracy ofposition estimates in an indoor positioning solution.

Accordingly, in one aspect, disclosed is a first method. The firstmethod involves: receiving, by one or more processors, pressure data andmovement data from a mobile device, where the received pressure dataindicates a pressure change, and the received movement data indicates amovement pattern of the mobile device that occurred substantially duringthe pressure change; making a determination, by one or more processors,that the movement pattern lacks a substantial change in altitude of themobile device during the pressure change; and based at least on thedetermination, detecting, by the one or more processors, that a state ofan air-conditioning system in a building has changed.

In another aspect, disclosed is a second method. The second methodinvolves: causing, by one or more processors, a mobile device to providepressure data representing air pressure in a building while the mobiledevice is stationary; receiving, by the one or more processors, thepressure data from the mobile device, where the received pressure dataindicates a pressure change; and based on the received pressure dataindicating the pressure change and representing air pressure in thebuilding while the mobile device is stationary, detecting, by the one ormore processors, that a state of an air-conditioning system in thebuilding has changed.

In yet another aspect, disclosed is a third method. The third methodinvolves: receiving, by one or more processors, sets of altitude datarespectively from groups of mobile devices located in a building, eachset of altitude data being associated with a respective time period;determining, by the one or more processors, a plurality of floor modelsof the building respectively based at least on the sets of altitudedata; making a determination, by the one or more processors, that atleast one of the plurality of floor models is substantially differentfrom other floor models of the plurality; and based at least on thedetermination, detecting, by the one or more processors, that a state ofan air-conditioning system in the building has changed during one ormore particular time periods, the one or more particular time periodsbeing associated with one or more sets of altitude data that were usedas basis to determine the at least one floor model.

In yet another aspect, disclosed is an apparatus including one or moreprocessors, a non-transitory computer readable medium, and programinstructions stored on the non-transitory computer readable medium. Theprogram instructions may be executable by the one or more processors toperform any operations described herein, such as any of those set forthin the first, second, and/or third methods, among others.

In yet another aspect, disclosed is a non-transitory computer readablemedium having stored thereon instructions executable by one or moreprocessors to cause a mobile device or a server device to performoperations. The operations may include any of those described herein,such as any of those set forth in the first, second, and/or thirdmethods, among others.

These as well as other features and advantages of the invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description considered inconjunction with the accompanying drawings where appropriate. It shouldbe understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely forpurposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of thepresent disclosure. It should be further understood that the drawingsare not drawn to scale and that they are merely intended to conceptuallyillustrate one or more of the features described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an arrangement that may enable a positioningsolution, in accordance with an example implementation.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an indoor area at which radio device(s) andmobile device(s) can be located, in accordance with an exampleimplementation.

FIG. 2C illustrates an example indoor navigation application, inaccordance with an example implementation.

FIG. 3 is an example flowchart for a first approach to detect that astate of an air-conditioning system in a building has changed, inaccordance with an example implementation.

FIG. 4 illustrates the first approach for detecting that a state of anair-conditioning system in a building has changed, in accordance with anexample implementation.

FIG. 5 is an example flowchart for a second approach to detect that astate of an air-conditioning system in a building has changed, inaccordance with an example implementation.

FIG. 6 illustrates the second approach for detecting that a state of anair-conditioning system in a building has changed, in accordance with anexample implementation.

FIG. 7 is an example flowchart for a third approach to detect that astate of an air-conditioning system in a building has changed, inaccordance with an example implementation.

FIG. 8 illustrates the third approach for detecting that a state of anair-conditioning system in a building has changed, in accordance with anexample implementation.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example apparatus, in accordance with an exampleimplementation.

FIG. 10 illustrates a diagram of a geographic database, in accordancewith an example implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in moredetail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, butnot all, embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. Indeed,various aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in differentforms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments setforth herein.

I. EXAMPLE POSITIONING SYSTEMS

Positioning methods that are seamless and available at all times mightrely upon novel systems and solutions that are specifically developedand, if necessary, deployed for this purpose. Traditional positioningtechnologies, which are mainly used outdoors (e.g., satellite andcellular positioning technologies), cannot always deliver the desiredperformance that would enable a seamless navigation experience at alltimes, particularly indoors. For instance, in the case of indoorpositioning, satellite-based radio navigation signals simply do notpenetrate through the walls and roofs sufficiently for adequate signalreception and cellular signals often have a bandwidth that is too narrowfor accurate ranging by default. And in the case of outdoor scenarios,there may be situations where e.g. satellite-based radio navigationprovides for insufficient coverage, such as in the event of bad weatheror in urban street canyons.

Several dedicated solutions have already been developed and commerciallydeployed during past years, such as solutions based on technologies likepseudolites (GPS-like short-range beacons), ultra-sound positioning,Bluetooth or Bluetooth LE signals, and wireless local area network(WLAN) fingerprinting. What is typical to these solutions is that theytend to involve either deployment of totally new infrastructure (such asbeacons or tags) and/or manual exhaustive radio-surveying of streets andbuildings, including all the floors, spaces and rooms. Using suchsolutions may be rather expensive and will likely take a considerableamount of time to build the coverage to the commercially expected level.Also, the diversity of these technologies makes it difficult to build aglobally scalable indoor positioning solution, and integration andtesting will become complex if a large number of technologies needs tobe supported in consumer devices.

A commercially successful positioning solution would likely be globallyscalable, have low maintenance and deployment costs, and offeracceptable end-user experience. To facilitate this, the positioningsolution can be based on existing infrastructure in the buildings and onexisting capabilities in the consumer devices. For example, thepositioning solution could be based on technologies like Wi-Fi and/orBluetooth, which are already supported in numerous devices, such assmartphones, tablets, laptops and even in the majority of the featurephones. Thus, it is advantageous to develop a positioning solution thatuses cellular and/or non-cellular radio signals in a way that (i) makesit possible to achieve desired horizontal and vertical positioningaccuracy and (ii) provides the ability to quickly build global coverage.

FIG. 1 illustrates an arrangement 100 that may enable a positioningsolution, in accordance with example implementations. Arrangement 100could include a server system 102, radio devices 104 (could also bereferred to as radio nodes or the like), one or more mobile devices suchas mobile devices 106, and a database 108. The server system 102, radiodevices 104, mobile device(s) 106, and/or database 108 may be configuredto communicate with one another via one or more communication links(e.g., via a cellular and/or a non-cellular communication network).

As an initial matter, a mobile device could be any electronic devicethat is movable from one position to another. For example, the mobiledevice(s) 106 could be or otherwise include cellular phone(s), personaldigital assistant(s), a laptop computer(s), tablet computer(s), and/orwearable device(s), among other options.

Further, radio devices 104 may include any type of device that isconfigured to emit (and optionally receive) radio signals. For example,the radio devices 104 could include wireless WLAN access point(s), suchas a WLAN access point that supports or is otherwise configuredaccording to the IEEE 802.11 standard (e.g., a Wi-Fi access point).Additionally or alternatively, the radio devices 104 could includeBluetooth beacon(s) and/or cellular network node(s) (e.g. Global Systemfor Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem (UMTS), and/or Long Term Evolution (LTE) base station(s)), amongother options.

Furthermore, server system 102 could take various forms withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. By way of example,server system 102 could include a single server or a plurality ofservers (e.g., forming a server cloud). Moreover, server system 102could be embodied as a positioning server of a positioning system, suchas of a non-GNSS based radio positioning system for indoor and/oroutdoor positioning, for instance.

In practice, a non-GNSS based radio positioning system could include orotherwise rely on radio devices (e.g., radio devices 104) to support thepositioning solution described herein. Such radio devices may includededicated radio devices (e.g., Bluetooth beacons) that are installed inthe environment for which the positioning solution is provided.Additionally or alternatively, the non-GNSS based radio positioningsystem could make use of existing radio devices, such as WLAN accesspoints and/or cellular network nodes. In any case, the radio devicescould be deployed in a particular area, such as an indoor area (e.g.,inside of a venue or other building).

Given this arrangement 100, the server system 102 could generate and/orupdate a radio map for an area, which may in turn enable positionestimations for mobile device(s) in the area. Namely, the radio mapcould enable an entity (e.g., a server system or a mobile device) todetermine characteristics of radio signals (e.g., transmitted by radiodevices) that are expected to be observable respectively at differentlocations in the area. Accordingly, the term radio map may refer to anycollection of data that provides location-linked information on a radioenvironment.

To help facilitate generation or updating of a radio map, server system102 could collect “fingerprint(s)” from mobile device(s).

A fingerprint collected from a given mobile device may contain orotherwise represent a position estimate and measurement(s) by the mobiledevice. The position estimate may be, for example, based on GNSS data,based on sensor data, based on previously collected radio measurements,and/or may be manually inputted (e.g., via a user interface), amongother options. And the measurements may include, for example, radiosignal parameter(s) of observed radio signals measured by a mobiledevice and/or identifiers of radio device(s) that emitted the observableradio signals, among others. In more specific examples, collectedfingerprint(s) may respectively contain any feasible combination of thefollowing types of measurements: global and/or local identifier(s) ofcellular network node(s), Wi-Fi access point identifier(s), beaconidentifier(s), signal strength measurement(s) (e.g., Received SignalStrength (RSS)), pathloss estimate(s), timing measurement(s) (timingadvance or round-trip time), speed data, reference position measurementtechnology, collection device information, battery level data, and/orenvironment sensor data etc. Other examples are also possible.

In some implementations, collected fingerprints could enable generatingor updating of a radio map for a 3D positioning solution e.g., inmulti-level buildings. In particular, features of radio signals (e.g.,received signal strength) that may be used for (e.g., horizontal)positioning may vary significantly from one building layer to another indifferent altitude levels at the same horizontal position, often due tothe radio signal attenuation caused by a building's structure. Thismight affect the eventual performance of a radio-based positioningsystem. Therefore, it would be particularly beneficial for a radio mapto indicate characteristics of radio signals that are expected to beobservable respectively at different attitudes/floors of e.g., amulti-level building.

Given this, collected fingerprint(s) could additionally or alternativelyinclude altitude data representing or otherwise enabling determinationof altitude(s) of mobile device(s). In particular, altitude data mayrepresent absolute and/or relative altitude(s) of a mobile device.Alternatively, altitude data may take the form of pressure datarepresenting pressure measurements that can then be used to determinealtitude(s) and/or altitude changes, e.g., according to a predictablerelationship between pressure and altitude.

In practice, there may be various approaches for determining orotherwise generating altitude data. In one example, altitude data couldbe determined according to GNSS-based altitude estimate(s), which maywork relatively well outdoors in good signal conditions, but may beunavailable or inaccurate indoors. In another example, altitude datacould be determined according to an altitude map representing altitudesrespectively at different locations. In yet another example, a barometer(e.g., in a mobile device) may provide altitude/pressure data (e.g.,pressure measurements) that can be used to estimate or determinealtitude changes of a mobile device. In this regard, referencealtitudes, which may be GNSS-based and/or based on an altitude map,could be used in combination with altitude changes determined accordingto barometer measurements, so as to determine new altitude(s) of amobile device. Other examples are also possible.

Generally, altitude data in a given fingerprint could representaltitude(s) of a mobile device substantially at the time the mobiledevice observed or otherwise determined certain (e.g., radio)measurements. For instance, a mobile device could provide, to serversystem 102, a fingerprint including radio measurement(s) by the mobiledevice and altitude data representing an altitude of the mobile devicesubstantially during the radio measurement(s). And if the server system102 has information indicating respective altitude(s) of floor(s) in abuilding, the altitude data in the fingerprint could be used todetermine floor(s) at which the radio measurement(s) were performed. Assuch, server system 102 could associate certain altitude data withcertain radio measurements, so as to generate or update a radio map toaccurately represent characteristics of radio signals expected to beobservable respectively at different attitudes/floors of an indoor area,which in turn could enable accurate positioning estimations, e.g., in amulti-level building.

Furthermore, because the above-described collection of fingerprint(s) isbeneficial, such collection of fingerprint(s) could be part of acrowdsourcing process that occurs continuously or at least fromtime-to-time. For example, mobile devices of a large number of consumerscould continuously transmit fingerprint(s) to the positioning server(e.g., server system 102) collecting the fingerprint(s). Consumers mayconsent to participation in such a collection process, if their deviceis equipped with necessary functionality to enable the fingerprintgeneration and/or collection at issue as a background process, naturallywith the end-user consent. Additionally or alternatively, it could bepossible to use volunteers to actively survey area(s) so as to enablecollection of fingerprint(s) for those area(s). Other examples are alsopossible.

Given that collection of fingerprint(s) may allow for understanding ofhow radio signals behave and travel in an area (e.g., a building), theserver system 102 could use the collected fingerprint(s) in various waysto generate or update a radio map for the area.

By way of example (and without limitation), the server system 102 coulddefine a grid to cover a site such that each grid point corresponds to ageographical location at the site. If the site (e.g., a building)comprises several floors, a separate grid may be defined for each floor,or a single three-dimensional grid may be defined with one dimension forthe different floors.

Given this, if the server system 102 collects a fingerprint from amobile device (e.g., a report that includes RSS value(s), associatedradio device identifier(s), and/or other information as discussed), theserver system 102 could map (i) RSS value(s) and/or associated radiodevice identifier(s) included in that fingerprint to (ii) the grid pointcorresponding to a geographical location that is closest to the positionestimate indicated in that fingerprint. The server system 102 couldperform such a process respectively for some or all fingerprint(s)collected from mobile device(s) in the site, so as to generate agrid-based radio map for the site.

In this example, if there are several RSS values for the same radiodevice that would be mapped to the same grid point, the server system102 could determine an average value (e.g., arithmetic mean or medianvalue) of those RSS values and associate the average value with the gridpoint at issue. On the other hand, for grid points to which no RSSvalues could be mapped due to missing fingerprint(s) from thecorresponding areas at the site, the server system 102 could generateRSS values by interpolating surrounding RSS values if possible, and byextrapolating neighboring RSS values otherwise. In this way, the serversystem 102 could generate the radio map to identify radio devices and/orRSS values expected to be observed respectively at each of a pluralityof locations throughout the site. Other (e.g., non-grid based) radiomaps are also possible.

In some implementations, the radio map could include, be combined with,or otherwise correspond to another map or layout image representingfeatures of an indoor and/or outdoor area at various locations in thearea (e.g., an open area map for a pedestrian walkable area as furtherdescribed herein). In the context of an indoor area, for instance, suchfeatures may include rooms, hallways, entryways (e.g., doors), verticalconnectors (e.g., elevators, escalators, and/or stairs), and/or itemssituated in the indoor area (e.g., furniture), among numerous otherpossibilities. Given this, the radio map could indicate characteristicsof the radio environment respectively at or nearby certain features inthe area. Moreover, a mobile device could be configured to display sucha radio map, to enable automatic or manual assessment of the radioenvironment in the area. Such an assessment could help determine whethersufficient extent of fingerprint(s) has been collected in a certainlocation (e.g., near a certain feature), and may provide otheradvantages as well.

Once a radio map is generated or updated, the server system 102 couldstore the radio map in a database 108, so that the server system 102could refer the radio map or a portion thereof on an as-needed basisand/or so that the server system 102 provide the radio map or portionthereof (e.g., to a mobile device) on an as-needed basis for positioningpurposes. Generally, the stored radio map could be associated with anindoor or other space (e.g., a particular building) for which the radiomap provides coverage. And the server system 102 and/or a mobile devicecould select a radio map to be used for positioning purposes that isassociated with an indoor (or other) space at which or next to which themobile device is located. In practice, the server system 102 and/or amobile device could determine an indoor space at which or next to whichthe mobile device is located based on GNSS measurement(s) by the mobiledevice and/or an identifier of an access point to which the mobiledevice is connected, among other options.

In one case, the server system 102 could use the radio map to estimate aposition of a mobile device, such as in response to a request by themobile device to do so. In particular, the server system 102 couldreceive, from the mobile device, a measurement report indicatingidentifiers of radio device(s) and/or RSS values that are observable bythe mobile device at the current position of the mobile device, andpossibly other radio characteristics observable by the mobile device. Insome scenarios, the measurement report could optionally also includeother information that might aid in determining a position estimate,such as e.g. barometric/altitude information that may assist indetermining a floor level as part of the position estimate.Nevertheless, the server system 102 can compare information in themeasurement report to the radio map, to determine a position estimate.For example, the server system 102 could determine that radio deviceidentifier(s) and RSS value(s) in the measurement report substantiallymatch radio device identifier(s) and RSS value(s) associated with aparticular grid point corresponding to a particular geographicallocation at the site. In turn, the server system 102 could provide, tothe mobile device, a position estimate indicative of the particulargeographical location at the site.

In another case, the mobile device could use the radio map (or a portionthereof) to estimate its position. To facilitate this, the mobile devicecould obtain, from the server system 102, at least a portion of theradio map, and could at least temporarily store the radio map locally.Once the mobile device has the radio map locally stored thereon, themobile device could use the techniques described above in associationwith the server system 102 so as to estimate its position (e.g.,comparing information in a measurement report to the radio map). In thisway, the mobile device could engage in “offline” positioningestimations.

Advantageously, the mobile device could engage in “offline” positioningestimations at times when connectivity between the mobile device and theserver system 102 is unavailable, at times when it is desired to reducea load on the server system 102 (e.g., reduce the extent of processingby the server system 102), at times when the mobile device seeks toobtain a position estimate relatively quickly (e.g., a very shorttime-to-first-fix), and/or in other situations.

In either case, a position estimate obtained using the above-describedpositioning solution could be used in various ways. For example, themobile device could display (e.g., via a display device) an indoornavigation application including, e.g., an open area map of an indoorarea and visually indicating a position of the mobile device in theindoor area in accordance with the position estimate obtained asdescribed. Other examples are also possible.

FIGS. 2A to 2C next illustrate an example implementation and use of theabove-described positioning solution.

FIG. 2A illustrates an indoor area 200 taking the form of a floor in abuilding. As shown, several radio devices 204A-204G are positionedthroughout the indoor area 200 and several mobile devices 206A-206F arepositioned in and/or moving throughout the indoor area 200. Each of theradio devices 204A-204G is shown to respectively emit radio signal(s).Of course, it should be understood that such radio signals are shown forillustration purposes only, and that the illustrated signals do notnecessarily indicate coverage, strength, and/or other radiocharacteristics of those signals. In any case, the mobile devices206A-206F may each respectively measure the radio signals at issue andthen transmit, to a positioning server (e.g., server system 102),fingerprint(s) indicating position estimate(s) and the correspondingradio measurement(s). In turn, the positioning server may generate orupdate a radio map for indoor area 200 as described.

FIG. 2B illustrates a mobile device 208 that is positioned in and/ormoving through the indoor area 200. The mobile device 208 could be oneof the mobile devices 206A-206F that provided fingerprint(s) asdescribed or could be a different mobile device. In either case, themobile device 208 could observe characteristics of the radio environmentat its current position by measuring radio signals emitted by one ormore of the radio devices 204A-204G. The mobile device 208 could thenrefer to the radio map that was generated or updated as described inassociated with FIG. 2A, and could determine a position estimate basedon the radio characteristics and the radio map as described.Alternatively, the mobile device 208 could transmit, to the positioningserver, a request for a position estimate (e.g., a measurement report),which may indicate the observed radio characteristics at issue. In turn,the position server could determine a position estimate based on theradio characteristics and the radio map as described and could thenprovide the position estimate to the mobile device 208 in response tothe request.

FIG. 2C then illustrates how the mobile device 208 could use theposition estimate that was determined using the above-describedsolution. As shown, the mobile device 208 could display an indoornavigation application that includes an open area map of the indoor area200 as well as a visual indicator 210 of the mobile device 208'sposition in accordance with the position estimate at issue. Accordingly,the navigation application could use position estimates obtained asdescribed in order to accurately display the current position of themobile device 208 and/or to help a user of the mobile device 208accurately navigate through the indoor area 200, among numerous otherpossibilities. Other illustrations are also possible.

II. ILLUSTRATIVE METHODS

As noted above, the present disclosure is directed to various approachesfor detecting that a state of an air-conditioning system has changed,which in turn could help improve positioning performance of an indoorpositioning system.

Generally speaking, the terms indoors, indoor area, indoor space, indoorenvironment, or the like used herein could refer any physical area/spacethat is at least partially enclosed, such as, e.g., for purpose of atleast partially covering people and/or object(s) (e.g., a building,home, venue, tunnel, etc.) And the terms outdoors, outdoor area, outdoorspace, outdoor environment, or the like used herein could refer to anyphysical areas/spaces other than those that are indoors (e.g., a park,street, intersection, sidewalk, beach, plaza, etc.) Of course, the termsindoors and outdoors or the like can be defined in any feasible manneras understood by one of ordinary skill in the art currently and/or inthe future without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

i. First Approach: Analyzing a Mobile Device's Movement Pattern During aPressure Change to Detect that a State of an Air-Conditioning System hasChanged

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method 300 for detecting that astate of an air-conditioning system has changed. Method 300 (and otherprocess(es)/method(s) disclosed herein) could be performed by and/or inan arrangement involving a mobile device (e.g., one of the mobiledevices 106) and/or a server device (e.g., server system 102) (or moreparticularly by component(s)/module(s) (e.g., processor(s)) thereof),among other possibilities. For sake of simplicity, however, method(s)are described herein as being performed by the server device.

In this regard, it should be understood that, if a method is performedby a given entity (e.g. a server device), the given entity could engagein communication(s) with one or more other entities (e.g., the mobiledevice) as necessary to obtain and/or provide any feasible informationas understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, to enable the givenentity to perform operations described herein and/or to inform anotherentity about results, among other possibilities. For example, a serverdevice could perform the method 300 to detect that a state of anair-conditioning system has changed, and could then provide, to a mobiledevice, information indicating the detection at issue, or vice versa.Moreover, in some implementations, the various operations describedherein could be distributed among one or more entities, such as inaccordance with a client-server arrangement or the like. Otherarrangements are also possible.

At block 302, method 300 may involve receiving pressure data andmovement data from a mobile device, where the received pressure dataindicates a pressure change, and the received movement data indicates amovement pattern of the mobile device that occurred substantially duringthe pressure change.

Generally, an air-conditioning system could also be referred to as AC,A/C, or air con, among other possibilities. Such an air-conditioningsystem could provide air, distribute air, control air flow in a space,and/or carry out any operations as understood by those of ordinary skillin the art. Given this, an air-conditioning system may have varioususes, such as, e.g., removal of heat and/or moisture from a space, amongother examples. Further, an air-conditioning system may be considered tobe “on” when it is carrying out its intended function (e.g., providingair), and may be considered to be “off” when it is not carrying out thatfunction. However, the air-conditioning system being on or off could bedefined in any feasibly manner as understood by those of ordinary skillin the art. In any case, the air-conditioning system could be switchedon or off manually, or may switch on or off according to a pre-arrangedschedule, among other options.

In line with the discussion above, it may be beneficial to detect whenan air-conditioning system is, was, and/or is expected to be on or off,to help improve positioning performance. To facilitate this, the firstapproach at issue may involve the server system collecting pressure andmovement data from mobile device(s). In practice, the above-describedcrowdsourcing process may already include collection of such pressureand/or movement data, which means that the first approach couldeffectively leverage data that would have been collected anyways as partof the crowdsourcing process. In some implementations, however, at leastsome of this movement and/or pressure data could be collected outside ofthe crowdsourcing process.

When the server system receives pressure data from a mobile device, thepressure data could take various forms. For example, as discussed, thepressure data could be based on pressure measurements performed bybarometer(s) of the mobile device. Also, the pressure data mightindicate a pressure change, such as an increase or a decrease inpressure over a certain time period. At question is whether thispressure change occurred due to a change in altitude of the mobiledevice or due to a change in the state of the air-conditioning system.

In addition to receiving pressure data from the mobile device, theserver system could also receive movement data from the mobile device.The server system could receive the movement data at substantially thesame time that it receives the pressure data (e.g., in a singlefingerprint). Alternatively, the server system could receive themovement data and pressure data respectively different times. In thiscase, the movement and pressure data could be, e.g., timestamped, sothat the server system could determine that the movement and pressuredata are both associated with the substantially the same time period.

In either case, the movement data may indicate a movement pattern of themobile device substantially during (e.g., over the time period of) thepressure change. The movement pattern may provide information aboutdirection of movement, horizontal and/or verticalacceleration/deceleration, speed of movement, and/or orientation, amongother possibilities. Such information (e.g., represented by the movementdata) could be in accordance with measurement(s) by inertial sensor(s)of the mobile device, which may include (but are not limited to)accelerometer(s), magnetometer(s), gyroscope(s), and/or inertialmeasurement unit(s) (IMU(s)), among other examples.

At block 304, method 300 may involve making a determination that themovement pattern lacks a substantial change in altitude of the mobiledevice during the pressure change.

According to the first approach, the server system may analyze themovement pattern to determine whether the mobile device's altitudechanged significantly during the pressure change. If the mobile device'saltitude did not change significantly during the pressure change, thismay serve as an indication that the pressure change occurred due to achange in the state of the air-conditioning system, rather than due tovertical movement (or more specifically an altitude change) of themobile device. On the other hand, if the mobile device's altitude didchange significantly during the pressure change, this may serve as anindication that the pressure change occurred due to the mobile device'saltitude change.

Given this, the determination of block 304 may enable gathering ofvarious types of information. For example, the determination of block304 may relate to determining that the mobile device's altitude did notchange during the pressure change or changed by no more than a thresholdamount (e.g., a threshold altitude change) during the pressure change,according to the mobile device's movement pattern. In another example,the determination of block 304 may relate to determining that the mobiledevice remained on the same floor during the pressure change, accordingto the mobile device's movement pattern. Other examples are alsopossible.

Generally, the server system could make the determination using anyfeasible analysis of the movement pattern. By way of example (andwithout limitation), the server system could make the determination bydetermining one or more of the following: (i) that the mobile device didnot accelerate or decelerate vertically, (ii) that the mobile deviceaccelerated or decelerated vertically by less than a threshold extent ofacceleration/deceleration, (iii) that the mobile device's speed iswithin a particular range (e.g., a range of speeds expected duringwalking/running, but not on an elevator or escalator), (iv) that themovement pattern is indicative of movement on a substantially flatsurface (e.g., rather than being indicative of movement on stairs),and/or (v) that the mobile device's direction of movement is not along apath set forth by a vertical connector (e.g., a stairwell, elevator, orescalator). Numerous other examples are also possible.

At block 306, method 300 may involve, based at least on thedetermination, detecting that a state of an air-conditioning system in abuilding has changed.

In line with the discussion above, analysis of the mobile device'smovement pattern during the pressure change could help detect that thestate of the air-conditioning system has changed. In particular, if themovement pattern indicates lack of a substantial change in altitude,this means that the pressure change likely did not occur due to themobile device's movement, but rather due to a change in state of theair-conditioning system. Thus, if the server system makes thedetermination of block 304, the server system could advantageously usethis determination as basis for the detection at issue.

In this regard, the server system could determine in various ways thatthe state of the air-conditioning system changed at a particular time ora particular time range. For example, because the pressure and/ormovement data may be associated (e.g., timestamped) with particulartime(s), such as the particular time range during which the pressurechange occurred, the server system could use this timing information todetermine that the state at issue changed during one or more of thosetime(s) (e.g., during the particular time range). Other examples arealso possible.

Furthermore, the server system could determine in various ways whetherthe change in state of the air-conditioning system involves theair-conditioning system being switched on or being switched off.

For example, the server system could determine whether theabove-mentioned pressure change is positive (e.g., a pressure increase)or negative (e.g., a pressure decrease). If the server system determinesthat the pressure change is positive, then the server system maydetermine that the air-conditioning system has been switched on.Whereas, if the server system determines that the pressure change isnegative, then the server system may determine that the air-conditioningsystem has been switched off.

In another example, if the server system has a record indicating thatthe air-conditioning system is currently off and detects the that thestate of the air-conditioning system changed, then the server system mayuse this information to determine that the air-conditioning system hasbeen switched on. Similarly, if the server system has a recordindicating that the air-conditioning system is currently on and detectsthe that the state of the air-conditioning system changed, then theserver system may use this information to determine that theair-conditioning system has been switched off.

In yet another example, if the server system has information indicatingan operating pattern of the air-conditioning system (e.g., determinedaccording to the present disclosure and/or obtained in other ways), theserver system could use this information to determine whether thedetected change in state involved the air-conditioning system beingswitched on or off. For instance, the server system may determine thatthe change in state occurred at a certain time or time period (e.g., atnight or over a weekend for an office building) and may also determinethat the operating system indicates a particular state for such a timeor time period (e.g., that the air-conditioning system is typicallyswitched off at night and over weekend). Given this, the server systemcould determine that the detected change in state likely corresponds tothe state indicated by the operating pattern (e.g., determine thatchange in state involved the air-conditioning system being switched offat night). Other examples are also possible.

In a further aspect, the server system could use data from other mobiledevice(s) in the building to verify the detection at issue, therebyensuring it is trustworthy. In particular, the server system couldperform the operations of block 302 and 304 with respect to one or moreother mobile device(s) in the building, so as to analyze theirrespective movement patterns as described. And if the server systemmakes further determination(s) that their respective movement patternsalso respectively lack a substantial change in altitude during thepressure change, the server system could use such furtherdetermination(s) as basis for verifying or otherwise detecting that thestate of the air-conditioning system in the building changed. Otheraspects are also possible.

In some implementations, the server system could additionally oralternatively detect that the state of the air-conditioning system haschanged based on an on-board analysis by the mobile device. Inparticular, the above-described blocks 302 and 304 may involve themobile device providing derivatives of pressure and/or movement-relateddata, in accordance with a programmatic analysis by the mobile device,and the derivatives may enable the detection at issue. For instance, themobile device could make the determination that the movement patternlacks a substantial change in altitude of the mobile device during thepressure change, and could then responsively provide (e.g., to theserver system) an indication of such a mismatch between the pressuredata and the movement-related data. In turn, the server system could usethis indication as basis for detecting that the state of anair-conditioning system has changed. Other examples are also possible.

FIG. 4 next visually illustrates the first approach for detecting that astate of an air-conditioning system in a building changed. As shown,pressure data 402 from a mobile device in the building may indicate apressure change, and movement data 404 from the mobile device mayindicate no change in altitude of the mobile device (during the pressurechange). Given this pressure data 402 and movement data 404, a detection406 can be made that the state of the air-conditioning system changed.Other illustrations are also possible.

ii. Second Approach: Analyzing Pressure Data from a Stationary MobileDevice to Detect that a State of an Air-Conditioning System has Changed

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating another method 500 for detecting thata state of an air-conditioning system has changed. Here again, for sakeof simplicity, method 500 is described herein as being performed by aserver system.

At block 502, method 500 may involve causing a mobile device to providepressure data representing air pressure in a building while the mobiledevice is stationary. And at block 504, method 500 may involve receivingthe pressure data from the mobile device, where the received pressuredata indicates a pressure change.

While the above-described first approach may leverage data that wouldhave been collected anyways as part of the crowdsourcing process e.g.,when mobile device(s) are detected as moving, the second approach mayeffectively change this collection logic. In doing so, a server systemcould cause a mobile device to provide pressure data (e.g., outside ofthe crowdsourcing process) when it is detected as being stationary,rather than moving. In one case, the server system may engage incommunication(s) with a mobile device to change the collection logicon-board the mobile device, so that the mobile device is configured toindependently provide pressure data in response to the mobile devicedetecting that it is stationary. In another case, the server system maydetect that the mobile device is stationary, and may responsively engagein communication(s) with the mobile device to cause the mobile device toprovide the pressure data. In either case, the server system and/or themobile device could detect that the mobile device is stationary invarious ways.

For instance, a server system could receive movement data from a mobiledevice, such as upon request and/or in accordance with a pre-determinedschedule, among other possibilities. In some cases, the movement datacould take the form of an indication (e.g., a binary value) provided bythe mobile device to indicate whether it is stationary or moving. Inother cases, the movement data may represent information about movementof the mobile device in accordance with measurement(s) by inertialsensor(s) of the mobile device. As discussed, such inertial sensor(s)may include (but are not limited to) accelerometer(s), magnetometer(s),gyroscope(s), and/or inertial measurement unit(s) (IMU(s)) etc.

Generally, the server system could determine that the mobile device isstationary using any feasible analysis of the movement data. By way ofexample (and without limitation), the server system could determine thatthe mobile device is stationary by determining one or more of thefollowing: (i) that the mobile device's speed is substantially zero,(ii) that the mobile device is not accelerating or decelerating, (iii)that the mobile device's orientation has remained the same for at leasta threshold time period, and/or (iv) that the mobile device's directionof movement is unknown. Numerous other examples are also possible.

When the server system causes mobile device(s) to provide pressure data,the server system could control collection time(s) and/or collectionduration. For example, the server system could apply a pseudo-randomprocess to determine times during which to respectively cause mobiledevice(s) to provide pressure data. And if a mobile device is detectedto be stationary during one of those times, then the server system couldcause mobile device to provide pressure data at those time(s) (i.e., inaccordance with application of the pseudo-random process). In thisregard, the determined times could collectively amount to a particularcollection duration (e.g., 10 minutes of “static” pressure datacollection per day). Given this, the server system could cause mobiledevice(s) to provide pressure data for respective time periods, whichmay collectively amount to the particular collection duration at issue.Other examples are also possible.

After the server system causes the mobile device to provide pressuredata, the server system may receive the pressure data from the mobiledevice. As discussed, the pressure data may be in accordance withmeasurement(s) by barometer(s) of the mobile device and may indicate apressure change.

Finally, at block 506, method 500 may involve, based on the receivedpressure data indicating the pressure change and representing airpressure in the building while the mobile device is stationary,detecting that a state of an air-conditioning system in the building haschanged.

In line with the discussion above, analysis of pressure data from astationary mobile device could help detect that the state of theair-conditioning system has changed. In particular, if the pressuremeasurement(s) are performed while the mobile device is stationary andthose measurement(s) indicate a pressure change, this means that thepressure change did not occur due to any movement by the mobile device,but may have occurred due to a change in the state of theair-conditioning system in the building. Thus, the server system couldadvantageously use this information as basis for the detection at issue.

Here again, the server system could determine in various ways that thestate of the air-conditioning system changed at a particular time or aparticular time range and/or whether the change in state of theair-conditioning system involves the air-conditioning system beingswitched on or being switched off. The server system could do so asdescribed above.

In a further aspect, the server system could evaluate pressure data fromother stationary mobile device(s) in the building to verify thedetection at issue. In particular, the server system could causemultiple mobile device(s) in that building that have been detected asstationary to respectively provide pressure data substantially at thesame time. And if the pressure data from each stationary mobile devicerespectively indicates a pressure change, the server system could usesuch information as basis for verifying or otherwise detecting that thestate of the air-conditioning system in the building changed. Otheraspects are also possible.

In some implementations, the server system could additionally oralternatively detect that the state of the air-conditioning system haschanged based on an on-board analysis by the mobile device. Inparticular, the above-described blocks 502 and 504 may involve themobile device providing derivatives of pressure and/or movement-relateddata, in accordance with a programmatic analysis by the mobile device,and the derivatives may enable the detection at issue. For instance, themobile device could detect that a pressure change occurred while it isstationary, and may responsively provide an indication (e.g., to theserver system) of such a detection. In turn, the server system could usethis indication as basis for detecting that the state of anair-conditioning system has changed. Other examples are also possible.

FIG. 6 next visually illustrates the second approach for detecting thata state of an air-conditioning system in a building changed. As shown,movement data 602 from the mobile device may indicate that the mobiledevice is stationary. Given that the mobile device is detected as beingstationary, the mobile device may responsively (e.g., automatically orupon request) provide pressure data 604 indicating air pressure in thebuilding while the mobile device is stationary. And because the pressuredata 604 may indicate that a pressure change occurred while the mobiledevice was stationary, a detection 406 can be made that the state of theair-conditioning system changed. Other illustrations are also possible.

iii. Third Approach: Analyzing Sets of Altitude Data from Mobile DeviceGroups to Detect that a State of an Air-Conditioning System has Changed

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating yet another method 700 for detectingthat a state of an air-conditioning system has changed. Here again, forsake of simplicity, method 700 is described herein as being performed bya server system.

At block 702, method 700 may involve receiving sets of altitude datarespectively from groups of mobile devices located in a building, eachset of altitude data being associated with a respective time period.

As discussed, the crowdsourcing process may involve the server systemcollecting altitude data from numerous mobile devices in a building overtime. As noted, altitude data may represent altitude(s) of a mobiledevice or may take the form of pressure data representing pressuremeasurements that can then be used to determine altitude(s) and/oraltitude changes. In either case, an instance of altitude data could beassociated with certain time(s) (e.g., timestamped) to represent, forinstance, time(s) that pressure measurements were made, time(s) that thealtitude data was generated, and/or time(s) that the altitude data wasprovided to and/or received by the server system, among other options.

Given this, the server system could cluster received altitude dataaccording to time periods based on time(s) respectively associated withthe altitude data. For example, a group of mobile devices in thebuilding could provide altitude data having associated times that fallwithin a certain time period, and the server system could cluster thataltitude data into a set associated with that time period. And anothergroup of mobile devices in the building could provide other altitudedata having associated times that fall within another time period, andthe server system could cluster that altitude data into another setassociated with that other time period, and so on.

In this regard, the time periods at issue could be arranged in variousways without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Forexample, the time periods could be pre-defined (e.g., based on manualengineering input) and/or could be established according to apseudo-random process, among other options. In either case, any feasiblenumber of time periods (and thus altitude data sets) could be defined inthis approach. Also, time periods may have the same respective durationsas one another. Alternatively, one or more of the time periods couldhave respective durations that are different from respective durationsof other time periods(s). Moreover, the time periods may benon-overlapping with one another. Alternatively, one or more of the timeperiods could respectively at least partially overlap with one or moreother time periods.

Furthermore, the mobile device groups that respectively provide thealtitude data sets may vary depending on how the time periods at issueare defined (e.g., depending on which and/or how many mobile devices arein the building respectively during each time period). For example, thegroups may end up including different mobile devices. Alternatively, oneor more of the groups may include at least some of the same mobiledevice(s) as other group(s). Also, the groups may end up including thesame number of mobile devices as one another. Alternatively, one or moreof the groups may respectively include a number of mobile devices thatis different from the number of mobile devices included in othergroup(s). Other examples are also possible.

At block 704, method 700 may involve determining a plurality of floormodels of the building respectively based at least on the sets ofaltitude data.

According to the third approach, the server system could use each set ofaltitude data (perhaps in combination with other data) respectively togenerate a floor model of the building. And when a floor model isgenerated based on a set of altitude data, this generated floor modelcould be associated with the time period that is associated with the setof altitude data at issue.

In any case, a given floor model could be any feasible representation ofcharacteristics of floor(s) in the building. For instance, a given floormodel could indicate respective altitude(s) of floors in the buildingand/or the number of floors in the building, among other options.Example techniques for generating such floor model(s) are described inmore detail in the following commonly assigned applications: (i)International Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent application SerialNo. PCT/EP2018/063936, filed on May 28, 2018 and entitled “MultilevelAltitude Maps,” the entire contents of which are herein incorporated byreference; and (ii) European patent application Serial No. 19155424.5,filed on Feb. 5, 2019 and entitled “Determining of Absolute Altitudes ofFloors of a Structure,” the entire contents of which are hereinincorporated by reference. Other techniques are also possible.

At block 706, method 700 may involve making a determination that atleast one of the plurality of floor models is substantially differentfrom other floor models of the plurality.

Although this feature is described herein in the context of one floormodel being different from the other floor models, it should beunderstood that more than one floor model may be different from theother floors models, which could enable detection of multiple times atwhich a state of an air-conditioning system has changed as furtherdescribed herein.

Generally, the server system could determine in various ways that one ofthe generated floor models is substantially different from the rest. Forinstance, the server system could determine that the number of floorsindicated by a particular floor model (e.g., two floors) is differentfrom the number of floors respectively indicated by the other floormodels (e.g., three floors). Additionally or alternatively, the serversystem could determine that at least some floor altitude(s) indicated bya particular floor model are different from altitudes of correspondingfloors indicated by the other floor models.

In a specific example, the particular floor model may indicate (e.g.,for a three-floor building) an altitude range of 0 to 2.1 meters for afirst floor, an altitude range of 2.4 to 6.6 meters for a second floor,and an altitude range of 6.7 to 11 meters for a third floor. Incontrast, the other floor models may indicate an altitude range of 0 to3 meters for the first floor, an altitude range of 3.1 to 6 meters forthe second floor, and an altitude range of 6.1 to 9 meters for the thirdfloor. Thus, the server system could determine that the respective flooraltitudes of the first, second, and third floors as indicated by theparticular floor model are different from respective altitudes ofcorresponding floors as indicated by the other floor models. Otherexamples are also possible.

Finally, at block 708, method 700 may involve, based at least on thedetermination, detecting that a state of an air-conditioning system inthe building has changed during one or more particular time periods, theone or more particular time periods being associated with one or moresets of altitude data that were used as basis to determine the at leastone floor model.

In line with the discussion above, if one of the generated floor modelsis substantially different from the rest, this may serve as anindication that the set of altitude data used for generating the floormodel at issue may have at least some inaccurate altitude data, possiblydue to a change in the state of the air-conditioning system during theparticular time period associated with this set of altitude data. Thus,the server system could use the determination of block 706 as basis todetect that the state of the air-conditioning system changed during theparticular time period. And if more than one floor model is differentfrom the rest, the server system could detect such a state changerespectively for the time periods associated with those different floormodels. In this regard, the server system could determine in variousways whether the air-conditioning system was switched on or off during aparticular time period.

For example, the server system could determine whether theair-conditioning system was switched on or off based on characteristicsof the “different” floor model associated with the particular timeperiod, because such characteristics may predictably vary according towhether the air-conditioning system was switched on or off. Forinstance, if the different floor model indicates a number of floors thatis greater than in other floor models, then the server system could usethis information to determine that the air-conditioning system wasswitched on during the particular time period. Whereas, if the differentfloor model indicates a number of floors that is lesser than in otherfloor models, then the server system could use this information todetermine that the air-conditioning system was switched off during theparticular time period. In another instance, if the different floormodel indicates floor heights for certain floor(s) that are higher thanthose indicated by other floor models for those same floor(s), then theserver system could use this information to determine that theair-conditioning system was switched on during the particular timeperiod. Whereas, if the different floor model indicates floor heightsthat are lower than those indicated by other floor models for those samefloor(s), then the server system could use this information to determinethat the air-conditioning system was switched off during the particulartime period.

In another example, the server system could evaluate altitude data froma mobile device to determine whether the air-conditioning system wasswitched on or off. This mobile device may be from the group thatprovided the altitude data set used as basis for generating thedifferent model. And the altitude data received from this mobile devicemay indicate or otherwise relate to a pressure change, which may haveoccurred due to the change in state of the air-conditioning system. Ifthe server system determines that the pressure change is positive, thenthe server system may determine that the air-conditioning system hasbeen switched on. Whereas, if the server system determines that thepressure change is negative, then the server system may determine thatthe air-conditioning system has been switched off. Other examples arealso possible.

In some situations, the server system could detect that a change in thestate of the air-conditioning system occurred substantially during atransition from one time period to another, such as at a time betweentime period, at the end of a certain time period, or at a beginning of afollowing time period. For instance, a time period A may be associatedwith a particular floor model, and a time period B that follows timeperiod A in time (e.g., spans a duration immediately after the end oftime period A) may be associated with a different floor model. Giventhat the two substantially adjacent time periods A and B arerespectively associated with different floor models, this could serve asan indication that the air-conditioning system was in one state duringone of the time periods and in another state during the other timeperiod, thereby further indicating that the state of theair-conditioning system changed during a transition between time periodsA and B. As such, if the server system determines a difference betweenfloor models associated with substantially adjacent or otherwiseconsecutive time periods, the server system could responsively detectthat the change in state at issue occurred during a transition betweenthose time periods.

In a more specific example, days could be respectively divided intotwenty-four time periods, with each time period respectively spanningone hour. In this example, the server system might encounter, withrespect to ten time periods between 7 AM and 5 PM, a first group of tenfloor models that are the same or similar to one another. And the serversystem may encounter, with respect to fourteen time periods between 5 PMand 7 AM (e.g., spanning from one day to the next), a second group offourteen floor models that are the same or similar to one another, butare substantially different from the floor models of the first group.Given this, the server system could determine that a state of theair-conditioning changed at 7 AM and at 5 PM in accordance with thechange in floor models respectively at those “transition” times. Otherexamples are also possible.

FIG. 8 next visually illustrates the third approach for detecting that astate of an air-conditioning system in a building changed. As shown,altitude data sets 802A to 802D may be respectively received from groupsof mobile devices. Altitude data set 802A may be associated with timeperiod 806A and may be use as basis for generating floor model 804A ofthe building, altitude data set 802B may be associated with time period806B and may be use as basis for generating floor model 804B of thebuilding, altitude data set 802C may be associated with time period 806Cand may be use as basis for generating floor model 804C of the building,and altitude data set 802D may be associated with time period 806D andmay be use as basis for generating floor model 806D of the building.Moreover, as shown, floor model 804C indicates a number of floors (e.g.,2) that is different from the number of floors (e.g., 3) indicated bythe other floor models 804A, 804B, and 804D. Thus, this difference couldbe used as basis for a detection 808 that the state of theair-conditioning system in the building has changed during the timeperiod 806C. Other illustrations are also possible.

iv. Using the Disclosed Approaches in Combination to Detect that a Stateof an Air-Conditioning System has Changed

Generally, any combination of the above-described approaches could beused together in any feasible manner to detect that a state of anair-conditioning system has changed. This may involve, for instance,using one of the approaches to verify accuracy of the outcome of one ofthe other approaches, thereby ensuring that the detection at issue istrustworthy.

By way of example (and without limitation), the server system couldperform both method 300 and method 500. And if the outcome of bothmethods involve a detection that the state of the air-conditioningsystem changed at a particular time, then the server system coulddesignate such a detection as being trustworthy. But if the outcomes atissue are different from one another, then the server system coulddesignate such a detection as being not trustworthy.

Whether the server system uses one or multiple approaches to detect thata state of an air-conditioning system has changed, the server systemcould perform various operation(s) according to such a detection. Forexample, the server system could store a record (e.g., in database 108)indicating the detection at issue, especially if the server systemdetermined that the detection is trustworthy. Additionally oralternatively, the server system could send a message to another entity,to inform the entity about the detection. Other examples are alsopossible.

v. Determining an Operating Pattern of the Air-Conditioning System

In some implementations, the server system could use outcome(s) of anyof the above-described approaches so as to determine an operatingpattern of an air-conditioning system. The operating pattern mayindicate time(s) that the air-conditioning system was on and/or isexpected to be on, and/or time(s) that that the air-conditioning systemwas off and/or is expected to be off.

For instance, one or more of methods 300, 500, and/or 700 may berespectively performed one or more times, so as to detect or moreinstances of the air-conditioning system's state changing. For example,the server system could perform methods 300 and/or 500 with respect toone or more mobile devices, and may in turn detect one or more timeswhen the air-conditioning system is respectively switched on and/or off.Additionally or alternatively, the server system could perform method700 once or repeatedly to determine time(s) when the air-conditioningsystem is respectively switched on and/or off. In this way, the serversystem could effectively collect data indicating “on” and “off” times ofthe air-conditioning system.

Given such data about “on” and “off” times of the air-conditioningsystem, the server system could determine the operating pattern. Forexample, the server system could record the time(s) when theair-conditioning system was detected as being on and/or the time(s) whenthe air-conditioning system was detected as being off, thereby resultingin a record of the air-conditioning system's actual operating system.Additionally or alternatively, the server system could apply anycurrently-known and/or future-developed statistical analysis techniquesso as to effectively evaluate trends in the data and thus determinetime(s) when the air-conditioning system is expected to be on and/or thetime(s) when the air-conditioning system is expected to be off, therebyresulting in a record of the air-conditioning system's expectedoperating system.

vi. Controlling Collection and/or Use of Crowdsourced Data

As noted, the present disclosure could help improve accuracy of positionestimates in an indoor positioning solution. To help facilitate thisimprovement, the server system could control collection and/or use ofcrowdsourced data (e.g., as part of the crowdsourcing process) based onthe determined operating pattern of the air-conditioning system and/orbased on a single detection of the air-conditioning system beingswitched on or off, among other options.

For example, the server system could collect crowdsourced data frommobile device(s) in a building at time(s) when an operating patternindicates that an air-conditioning system in the building is or isexpected to be on. In contrast, the server system could disablecollection crowdsourced data from mobile device(s) in the building attime(s) when the operating pattern indicates that the air-conditioningsystem in the building is or is expected to be off.

In another example, the server system could generate or update a radiomap based on crowdsourced data associated with time(s) when theair-conditioning system in the building was or was expected to be on,according to its determined operating pattern. In contrast, the serversystem could disregard, discard, and/or filter out crowdsource dataassociated with time(s) when the air-conditioning system in the buildingwas or was expected to be off, according to its determined operatingpattern.

In yet another example, if the server system detects an instance of theair-conditioning system being switched on, the server system couldperform one or more of the following operations: use received pressuredata (e.g., that enabled the “on” detection) to determine altitude(s) ofa mobile device (e.g., as part of generation or updating of a radiomap); use subsequent pressure data collected after the detection (whilethe air-conditioning system is still on) to determine altitude(s) of amobile device (e.g., as part of generation or updating of a radio map);enable subsequent collection in the building of further pressure datawhile the air-conditioning system remains switched on; use radiomeasurements collected while the air-conditioning system is on forgenerating or updating of the radio map; and/or enable subsequentcollection in the building of further radio measurements while theair-conditioning system remains on.

Whereas, if the server system detects an instance of theair-conditioning system being switched off, the server system couldperform one or more of the following operations: discard or filter outreceived data (e.g., pressure data used for the detection) and/orfurther data that is subsequently collected in the building while theair-conditioning system remains switched off; disable subsequentcollection in the building of further (e.g., pressure) data while theair-conditioning system remains switched off; discard or filter outradio measurements collected in the building while the air-conditioningsystem is off; and/or disable subsequent collection in the building offurther radio measurements while the air-conditioning system remainsswitched off. Other examples are also possible.

vii. Additional Use Cases

In a further aspect, the server system could use the operating patternof an air-conditioning system in a building as basis to determine abuilding type for that building.

In practice, buildings could be of various types, perhaps depending onhow their respective space(s) are being utilized. For instance, buildingtypes may include residential buildings, hospital buildings, governmentbuildings, office buildings, theater buildings, and/or museum buildings,among numerous other examples. And different types of buildings may usetheir air-conditioning systems differently. For example, residentialbuildings tend to have their air-conditioning systems on at most timesof the day, but office buildings tend to have their air-conditioningsystems on only at certain time periods.

Given this, operating patterns of air-conditioning systems in buildingscould be learned over time, and used as basis for determine buildingtypes. For example, the server system could determine an operatingpattern of an air-conditioning in a building, as described above. Also,the server system could have stored thereon or otherwise have access toinformation indicating common air-conditioning operating patternrespectively for various building types. So, if the server system thendetermines that the determined operating pattern substantially matches acommon operating pattern of a particular type of building, the seversystem could designate that building (i.e., where the air-conditioningsystem is deployed) as being of that particular type. Other examples arealso possible.

In yet a further aspect, when the server system determines or otherwisecollects certain information in accordance with the present disclosure,the server system could use, store, provide, and/or manipulate thisinformation in any feasible manner. For example, the server system couldtransmit a determined air-conditioning operating pattern and/or buildingtype of a building to an entity, such as to a mobile device or asoftware application, among others. In another example, the serversystem could incorporate or otherwise integrate information into mapdata (e.g., geographic database 1000 described herein), so that the mapdata e.g., indicates air-conditioning operating pattern(s) and/orbuilding type(s) respectively for various buildings. In some cases, anair-conditioning operating pattern of a building might correspond tooperating hours of the building and/or might indicate times that thebuilding is active or inactive, thereby enabling the server system toadditionally or alternatively incorporate or otherwise integrate suchinformation into the map data. In this way, the present disclosure couldalso help (e.g., user(s) of the map data) learn more information aboutbuildings via the map data. Other examples are also possible.

III. EXAMPLE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

The processes described herein may be implemented via software, hardware(e.g., general processor, Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chip, anApplication Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable GateArrays (FPGAs), etc.), firmware or a combination thereof. Such exemplaryhardware for performing the described functions is detailed below.

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 900 according to anexample embodiment. The apparatus 900 could, for instance, represent aserver (e.g., server system 102) or a mobile device (e.g., one of themobile devices 106), among other options. Moreover, the apparatus 900could take the form of or otherwise be part of a system, such as any ofthose described herein.

As shown, apparatus 900 could include processor(s) 902, a memory 904(e.g., database 108), communication interface(s) 906, an (optional) userinterface(s) 908, and (optional) sensor(s) 910. Some or all of thecomponents of the apparatus 900 may be connected via a bus (or othermechanism) and/or be combined into one or more modules.

Processor(s) 902 could have numerous functions, such as controlling thememory 904, communication interface(s) 906, the user interface(s) 908,and/or the sensor(s) 910 in any feasible manner currently known ordeveloped in the future. For example, the memory 904 could include orotherwise contain computer program code (program instructions), and theprocessor(s) 902 may be configured to execute the program code to causethe apparatus 900 to perform and/or control operations, such as any ofthose described herein and/or other operations. Thus, apparatus 900and/or processor(s) 902 could be referred to as carrying out suchoperations.

Moreover, processor(s) 902 (and also any other processor(s) mentionedherein) may be processor(s) of any suitable type. For example (andwithout limitation), processor(s) 902 may include: one or moremicroprocessor(s), one or more processor(s) with accompanying one ormore digital signal processor(s), one or more processor(s) withoutaccompanying digital signal processor(s), one or more special-purposecomputer chips, one or more FPGA(s), one or more controller(s), one ormore ASIC(s), one or more computer(s), any structure/hardware that hasbeen programmed in such a way to perform described operation(s), and/oran application processor that runs an operating system, among otherpossibilities.

Furthermore, memory 904 could also take various form without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. In particular, memory 904could be separate from proceessor(s) 902. Additionally or alternatively,memory 904 may be part of or otherwise integrated with one or more ofthe processor(s) 902. In this case, memory 904 may be fixed to the fromprocessor(s) 902 or may be at least partially removable from theprocessor(s) 902. In any case, the memory 904 be or take the form ofvolatile and/or non-volatile memory, and could include program memory,working memory, and/or data memory, among others.

By way of example (and without limitation), memory 904 could be orotherwise include: FLASH memory (or a part thereof), any of a Read-OnlyMemory (ROM), PROM, EPROM and EEPROM memory (or a part thereof), a harddisc (or a part thereof), a Random Access Memory (RAM), and/or DynamicRAM (DRAM), among others. In some cases, memory 904 may additionally oralternatively include an operating system for processor(s) 902 and/orfirmware for apparatus 900. Further, memory 904 could additionally oralternatively be used by processor(s) 902 when executing an operatingsystem and/or computer program. Moreover, memory 904 could additionallyor alternatively store data, such as any types, sets, instances, and/orsamples of data described herein. Other examples are also possible.

Further, communication interface(s) 906 could enable the apparatus 900to communicate with other entities. The communication interface(s) 906may, for instance, include a wireless interface (e.g. a cellular radiocommunication interface and/or a WLAN interface) and/or wire-boundinterface (e.g. an IP-based interface, for instance to communicate withentities via the Internet).

Yet further, user interface(s) 908 could be any device(s) for presentingand/or receiving information. For instance, user interface(s) 908include display device(s), audio device(s) or the like for visuallyand/or audibly providing information (e.g., to a user). Additionally oralternatively, user interface(s) 908 could include input device(s) (e.g.a keyboard, keypad, touchpad, mouse, etc.) for receiving information(e.g., based on input provided by a user).

Finally, sensor(s) 910 could include any type(s) of sensor(s) currentlyknown and/or developed in the future. For example, sensor(s) 910 couldinclude a barometric sensor (e.g., to gather pressure information),motion sensor(s) (e.g., inertial measurement unit (IMU)), image capturedevice(s), position sensor(s), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)receiver(s) (e.g., in the form of a Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver), and/or any (currently known and/or future-developed)sensor(s) that enable the apparatus 900 to perform radio measurements(e.g., Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi receiver(s)), among other possibilities.

In a further aspect, the term “computer-readable medium” as used hereinmay refer to any medium that participates in providing information toprocessor(s), including instructions for execution. Such a medium maytake many forms, including, but not limited to computer-readable storagemedium (e.g., non-volatile media, volatile media), and/or transmissionmedia. Non-transitory media, such as non-volatile media, may include,for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device. Volatilemedia may include, for example, a dynamic memory. Transmission media mayinclude, for example, twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, copper wire,fiber optic cables, and carrier waves that travel through space withoutwires or cables, such as acoustic waves and electromagnetic waves,including radio, optical and infrared waves. Signals include man-madetransient variations in amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization orother physical properties transmitted through the transmission media.

Generally speaking, common forms of computer-readable media may include,for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape,any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, CDRW, DVD, any other opticalmedium, punch cards, paper tape, optical mark sheets, any other physicalmedium with patterns of holes or other optically recognizable indicia, aRAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, an EEPROM, a flash memory, anyother memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave, or any other medium fromwhich a computer can read.

In some cases, the term computer-readable storage medium may be usedherein to refer to any computer-readable medium except transmissionmedia. Further, logic encoded in one or more tangible media may includesprocessor instructions on a computer-readable storage media and/orspecial purpose hardware (e.g., ASIC).

In practice, a computer-readable storage medium could have storedthereon instructions executable by processor(s) to cause an apparatus toperform operations, such as any of those described herein. Accordingly,a computer program could be stored in a computer readable storage mediumin the form of instructions encoding the computer readable storagemedium. The computer-readable storage medium may be intended for takingpart in the operation of a device, like an internal or external memoryor hard disk of a computer, or be intended for distribution of theprogram, like an optical disc, among other options.

IV. EXAMPLE GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE

FIG. 10 illustrates a diagram of a geographic database 1000, accordingto an example implementation. Geographic database 1000 could be includedwithin, integrated with, or be separate from another database, datastorage device, memory, or the like described herein (e.g., memory 904).Additionally or alternatively, geographic database 1000 could be storedon or otherwise made accessible to any entity described herein withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, althoughcertain aspects of the geographic database are described in the contextof outdoor mapping and/or outdoor navigation-related services, it shouldbe understand that some or all such aspects could extend to apply in thecontext of indoor mapping and/or indoor navigation-related services.

More specifically, the geographic database 1000 may include geographicdata 1002 used for (or configured to be compiled to be used for) mappingand/or navigation-related services. For instance, the geographicdatabase 1000 may include high resolution or high definition (HD)mapping data that provide centimeter-level or better accuracy of mapfeatures. By way of example, the geographic database 1000 can be basedat least in part on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and/or othertechnology to collect billions of 3D points and model road surfaces(and/or other map features down), e.g., to the number lanes and theirwidths. In some cases, the HD mapping data (e.g., HD data records 1012)may capture and store details such as the slope and curvature of theroad, lane markings, roadside objects such as sign posts, including whatthe signage denotes, and/or shape/sizes of indoor objects, hallways,rooms etc. In practice, the HD mapping data may enable preciselocalization of an entity on a road and/or in a building, and/or mayenable determination of map data updates (e.g., learned speed limitvalues) to at high accuracy levels, among other options.

In the geographic database 1000, geographic features (e.g.,two-dimensional or three-dimensional features) may be represented usingpolygons (e.g., two-dimensional features) or polygon extrusions (e.g.,three-dimensional features). For example, the edges of the polygonscorrespond to the boundaries or edges of the respective geographicfeature. In the case of a building, a two-dimensional polygon can beused to represent a footprint of the building, and a three-dimensionalpolygon extrusion can be used to represent the three-dimensionalsurfaces of the building. It is contemplated that although variousembodiments are discussed with respect to two-dimensional polygons, itis contemplated that the embodiments are also applicable tothree-dimensional polygon extrusions. Accordingly, the terms polygonsand polygon extrusions as used herein can be used interchangeably.

In this regard, the following terminology may apply to therepresentation of geographic features in the geographic database 1000.

“Node”—A point that terminates a link.

“Line segment”—A straight line connecting two points.

“Link” (or “edge”)—A contiguous, non-branching string of one or moreline segments terminating in a node at each end.

“Shape point”—A point along a link between two nodes (e.g., used toalter a shape of the link without defining new nodes).

“Oriented link”—A link that has a starting node (referred to as the“reference node”) and an ending node (referred to as the “non referencenode”).

“Simple polygon”—An interior area of an outer boundary formed by astring of oriented links that begins and ends in one node. In oneembodiment, a simple polygon does not cross itself.

“Polygon”—An area bounded by an outer boundary and none or at least oneinterior boundary (e.g., a hole or island). In one embodiment, a polygonis constructed from one outer simple polygon and none or at least oneinner simple polygon. A polygon is simple if it just consists of onesimple polygon, or complex if it has at least one inner simple polygon.

In an example implementation, the geographic database 1000 may followcertain conventions. For example, links might not cross themselves andmight not cross each other except at a node. Also, there may be noduplicated shape points, nodes, or links. Two links that connect eachother may have a common node. In the geographic database 1000,overlapping geographic features may be represented by overlappingpolygons. When polygons overlap, the boundary of one polygon may crossthe boundary of the other polygon. In the geographic database 1000, thelocation at which the boundary of one polygon intersects the boundary ofanother polygon may be represented by a node. In an embodiment, a nodemay be used to represent other locations along the boundary of a polygonthan a location at which the boundary of the polygon intersects theboundary of another polygon. Additionally or alternatively, a shapepoint may not be used to represent a point at which the boundary of apolygon intersects the boundary of another polygon.

In an example implementation, the geographic database 1000 may be storedas a hierarchical or multi-level tile-based projection or structure.More specifically, in one embodiment, the geographic database 1000 maybe defined according to a normalized Mercator projection. Otherprojections may be used. By way of example, the map tile grid of aMercator or similar projection may be a multilevel grid. Each cell ortile in a level of the map tile grid may be divisible into the samenumber of tiles of that same level of grid. In other words, the initiallevel of the map tile grid (e.g., a level at the lowest zoom level) maybe divisible into four cells or rectangles. Each of those cells are inturn divisible into four cells, and so on until the highest zoom orresolution level of the projection is reached.

In some implementations, the map tile grid may be numbered in asystematic fashion to define a tile identifier (tile ID). For example,the top left tile may be numbered 00, the top right tile may be numbered01, the bottom left tile may be numbered 10, and the bottom right tilemay be numbered 11. Further, each cell may be divided into fourrectangles and numbered by concatenating the parent tile ID and the newtile position. A variety of numbering schemes also is possible. Anynumber of levels with increasingly smaller geographic areas mayrepresent the map tile grid. Any level (n) of the map tile grid may have2(n+1) cells. Accordingly, any tile of the level (n) has a geographicarea of A/2(n+1) where A is the total geographic area of the world orthe total area of the map tile grid 10. Because of the numbering system,the exact position of any tile in any level of the map tile grid orprojection may be uniquely determined from the tile ID.

In this regard, a system may identify a tile by a quadkey determinedbased on the tile ID of a tile of the map tile grid. The quadkey, forexample, is a one-dimensional array including numerical values. In oneembodiment, the quadkey may be calculated or determined by interleavingthe bits of the row and column coordinates of a tile in the grid at aspecific level. The interleaved bits may be converted to a predeterminedbase number (e.g., base 10, base 4, hexadecimal). In one example,leading zeroes are inserted or retained regardless of the level of themap tile grid in order to maintain a constant length for theone-dimensional array of the quadkey. In another example, the length ofthe one-dimensional array of the quadkey may indicate the correspondinglevel within the map tile grid 10. In an embodiment, the quadkey is anexample of the hash or encoding scheme of the respective geographicalcoordinates of a geographical data point that can be used to identify atile in which the geographical data point is located.

As shown, the geographic database 1000 may include node data records1004, road segment or link data records 1006, Points of Interest (POI)data records 1008, display/object data records 1010, HD mapping datarecords 1012, open area map data records 1014, and indexes 1016, forexample. More, fewer or different data records can be provided. Forexample, other data records can include cartographic data records,routing data, and/or maneuver data. Further, the indexes 1016 mayimprove the speed of data retrieval operations in the geographicdatabase 1000. For instance, the indexes 1016 may be used to quicklylocate data without having to search every row in the geographicdatabase 1000 every time it is accessed. For example, in one embodiment,the indexes 1016 can be a spatial index of the polygon points associatedwith stored feature polygons.

In exemplary embodiments, the road segment data records 1006 may belinks or segments representing roads, streets, or paths, as can be usedin a calculated or recorded route information for determination of oneor more personalized routes. The node data records 1004 may be endpoints corresponding to the respective links or segments of the roadsegment data records 1006. The road link data records 1006 and the nodedata records 1004 may represent a road network, such as used byvehicles, cars, and/or other entities. Alternatively, the geographicdatabase 1000 can contain path segment(s) and node data records or otherdata that represent pedestrian paths or areas in addition to or insteadof the vehicle road record data (e.g., paths and/or areas for indoorand/or outdoor positioning and/or navigation), for example.

The road/link segments and nodes can be associated with attributes, suchas geographic coordinates, street names, address ranges, speed limits,turn restrictions at intersections, and other navigation relatedattributes, room names/identifiers, vertical connectornames/identifiers, as well as POIs, such as gasoline stations, hotels,restaurants, museums, stadiums, offices, automobile dealerships, autorepair shops, buildings, stores, parks, interior building features etc.The geographic database 1000 can include data about the POIs and theirrespective locations in the POI data records 1008. The geographicdatabase 1000 can also include data about places, such as cities, towns,or other communities, and other geographic features, such as bodies ofwater, mountain ranges, etc. Such place or feature data can be part ofthe POI data records 1008 or can be associated with POIs or POI datarecords 1008 (such as a data point used for displaying or representing aposition of a city). Other examples are also possible.

In some implementations, the geographic database 1000 can includedisplay/object data records 1010 for storing machine-readable visualrepresentations and map data decoded from the visual representations andtheir respective properties. In addition, the display/object datarecords 1010 can store post-processing rule sets for correcting and/orreducing the uncertainties in the display/object data decoded fromclustered machine-readable visual representations. The display/objectdata records 1000 can also store data selection rules (e.g., in a mapdata extension layer) for selecting from among multiple sets of readingsof a machine-readable visual representation. The display/object datarecords 1000 can also store confidence or accuracy determinations forthe decoded map data. By way of example, the display/object data records1000 can be associated with one or more of the node records 1004, roadsegment records 1006, and/or POI data records 1008 to support uses casessuch as enhanced mapping user interaces (UIs), autonomous driving,dynamic map updates, etc. In some cases, the display/object data records1010 may be stored as a data layer of the hierarchical tile-basedstructure of the geographic database 1000 according to the variousembodiments described herein.

In some implementations, as discussed above, the HD mapping data records1012 could model map features to centimeter-level or better accuracy.The HD mapping data records 911 may be divided into spatial partitionsof varying sizes to provide HD mapping data to vehicles and/or otherdevices with near real-time speed without overloading the availableresources of the vehicles and/or devices (e.g., computational, memory,bandwidth, etc. resources).

In an example implementation, the geographic database 1000 can bemaintained by a content provider in association with a services platform(e.g., a map developer). The map developer can collect geographic datato generate and/or enhance the geographic database 1000. There can bedifferent ways used by the map developer to collect data. These ways caninclude obtaining data from other sources, such as municipalities orrespective geographic authorities. Additionally or alternatively, themap developer can employ field personnel to travel along roads and/orinside buildings (or other indoor areas) throughout the geographicregion to observe features and/or record information about them, forexample. Additionally or alternatively, remote sensing, such as aerialor satellite photography, can be used.

Generally, the geographic database 1000 can be a master geographicdatabase stored in a format that facilitates updating, maintenance,and/or development. For example, the master geographic database or datain the master geographic database can be in an Oracle spatial format orother spatial format, such as for development or production purposes.The Oracle spatial format or development/production database can becompiled into a delivery format, such as a geographic data files (GDF)format. The data in the production and/or delivery formats can becompiled or further compiled to form geographic database products ordatabases, which can be used in end user navigation devices or systems.

For example, geographic data can be compiled (such as into a platformspecification format (PSF)) to organize and/or configure the data forperforming navigation-related functions and/or services, such as routecalculation, route guidance, map display, speed calculation, distanceand travel time functions, and other functions, by a navigation or otherdevice. The navigation-related functions can correspond to vehiclenavigation, pedestrian navigation, or other types of navigation. Thecompilation to produce end user databases can be performed by a party orentity separate from the map developer. For instance, a customer of themap developer, such as a navigation device or other end user devicedeveloper, can perform compilation on a received geographic database ina delivery format to produce one or more compiled navigation databases.

In a further aspect, as noted, the geographic database 1000 couldadditionally or alternatively include open area map data record(s) 1014for open area map(s). Generally speaking, open area map(s) may includeimage(s) or the like of respective layout(s) representing pedestrianwalkable area(s) (e.g., indoor area(s), such as one or more floors of abuilding), and may be configured, separately or together, to enable orotherwise provide point-to-point routing within the layout(s). Forexample, in line with the discussion above, a radio map could include,be combined with, or otherwise correspond to an open area maprepresenting features of an indoor and/or outdoor area at variouslocations in the area, to enable positioning and/or navigationsolution(s) for the area. Other examples are also possible.

In an example implementation, an open area map may be positioned in, on,or over a geographic map or database (e.g., geographic database 1000).The geographic map may be or include geographic data (e.g., any feasibledata from records 1004-1012) corresponding to an area other than (orperhaps at least partially overlapping with) the area represented in theopen area map. Also, the geographic map may represent compiled data thatcorresponds to a database or map configured for vehicle and/orpedestrian navigation. Alternatively, the geographic map may correspondto any real-world or geographic map or data that may or may not be usedfor navigation or routing. In any case, the geographic map may, e.g.,include, but is not limited to, a road network. The road network mayrepresent real-world roads or paths, such as in a city or othergeographic region. Navigation attributes and POIs may also be provided.

In this regard, the open area map may be associated or linked with thegeographic map or data. For example, one or more points or coordinatesof the open area map may be aligned or positioned in or with one or morepoints or coordinates of the geographic map or data. In one embodiment,coordinates corresponding to tiles, objects, or other portion of theopen area map may be in, translated to, or converted to real-worldcoordinates, such as longitude or latitude, Universal TransverseMercator (“UTM”) coordinates, or other rectangular or 3D coordinates,such as altitude or elevation points. Based on the real-worldcoordinates, the open area map or data thereof may be placed,positioned, or aligned with or within the geographic map.

For example, nodes, segments, or other features of the geographic mapmay correspond to real-world coordinates, such as longitude, latitude,and/or UTM coordinates as well as elevation or altitude information.Accordingly, by knowing the real-world coordinates of the open area map,the open area map may be accurately linked to a real-world position orlocation in the geographic map (e.g., geographic database 1000 and/or adisplay). Additionally or alternatively, the coordinates or points ofthe open area map or data thereof may be linked or associated with aroad network, such as road segments, nodes, and/or other features,without reference to real-world coordinates.

Given this, an end user may perform point-to-point routing using theopen area map while viewing a surrounding geographic area or map. Also,the open area map may be linked to the geographic map for navigation orrouting purposes, such as via point or navigation data.

For example, an end user may want to navigate or route from inside theopen area map to a point external to the open area map that is coveredin the geographic map, or vice versa (e.g., an indoor-to-outdoortransition and/or an outdoor-to-indoor transition). Accordingly, a routemay be calculated and/or displayed in the open area map (e.g., in thecontext of indoor navigation), and then from a transition point or area,the route or second route (a continuing route to a selected destinationoutside of the open area map) may be calculated and/or displayed basedon route calculation of the geographic map.

In this regard, in some cases, the navigation or routing of thegeographic map may be different than the point-to-point routing of theopen area map. For example, the routing of the geographic map may bebased on vehicle and/or pedestrian navigation attributes of setroadways, and the routing of the open area map may be based onpedestrian navigation attributes of set indoor features (e.g., hallways,lobbies, rooms etc.) But in other cases, the navigation or routing ofthe geographic map could be the same as or similar to the point-to-pointrouting of the open area map.

In any case, in other implementations, an open area map may bepositioned in or associated with the geographic map without being linkedor tied in with navigation or routing features or functions of thegeographic map. Namely, the routing or navigation of at least some openarea map(s) may be independent or separate from routing or navigation ofan associated geographic map. Other examples and aspects are alsopossible.

V. CONCLUSION

Any connection described herein is to be understood in a way that theinvolved components are operationally coupled. Thus, the connection(s)can be direct or indirect with any number or combination of interveningelements, and there may be merely a functional relationship between thecomponents.

Moreover, any of the methods, processes and actions described orillustrated herein may be implemented using executable instructions in ageneral-purpose or special-purpose processor(s) and stored on acomputer-readable storage medium (e.g., disk, memory, or the like) to beexecuted by such processor(s).

The expression “A and/or B” is considered to comprise any one of thefollowing three scenarios: (i) A, (ii) B, (iii) A and B. Furthermore,the article “a” is not to be understood as “one”, i.e. use of theexpression “an element” does not preclude that also further elements arepresent. The term “comprising” is to be understood in an open sense,i.e. in a way that an object that “comprises an element A” may alsocomprise further elements in addition to element A.

It will be understood that all presented embodiments are only exemplary,and that any feature presented for a particular example embodiment maybe used with any aspect of the disclosure on its own or in combinationwith any feature presented for the same or another particular exampleembodiment and/or in combination with any other feature not mentioned.In particular, the example embodiments presented in this specificationshall also be understood to be disclosed in all possible combinationswith each other, as far as it is technically reasonable and the exampleembodiments are not alternatives with respect to each other. It willfurther be understood that any feature presented for an exampleembodiment in a particular category (method/apparatus/computerprogram/system) may also be used in a corresponding manner in an exampleembodiment of any other category. It should also be understood thatpresence of a feature in the presented example embodiments shall notnecessarily mean that this feature forms an essential feature of theinvention and cannot be omitted or substituted.

The statement of a feature comprises at least one of the subsequentlyenumerated features is not mandatory in the way that the featurecomprises all subsequently enumerated features, or at least one featureof the plurality of the subsequently enumerated features. Also, aselection of the enumerated features in any combination or a selectionof only one of the enumerated features is possible. The specificcombination of all subsequently enumerated features may as well beconsidered. Also, a plurality of only one of the enumerated features maybe possible.

The sequence of all method steps presented above is not mandatory, alsoalternative sequences may be possible. Nevertheless, the specificsequence of method steps exemplarily shown in the figures shall beconsidered as one possible sequence of method steps for the respectiveembodiment described by the respective figure.

The present disclosure has been described by means of exampleembodiments. It should be noted that there are alternative ways andvariations which are obvious to a skilled person in the art and can beimplemented without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the present disclosure setforth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which thepresent disclosure pertain having the benefit of the teachings presentedin the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, itis to be understood that the present disclosure is not to be limited tothe specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and otherembodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the presentdisclosure. Moreover, although the foregoing descriptions and theassociated drawings describe example embodiments in the context ofcertain example combinations of elements and/or functions, it should beappreciated that different combinations of elements and/or functions maybe provided by alternative embodiments without departing from the scopeof the present disclosure. In this regard, for example, differentcombinations of elements and/or functions than those explicitlydescribed above are also contemplated as may be set forth in some of theappended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they areused in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation.

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by one or more servers froma mobile device, pressure data and movement data, wherein the receivedpressure data is in accordance with one or more measurements by one ormore barometers of the mobile device, wherein the received pressure dataindicates a pressure change that occurred within a building where themobile device is or was located, wherein the received pressure data isassociated with a time period during which the pressure change occurred,wherein the received movement data is in accordance with one or moremeasurements by one or more inertial sensors of the mobile device, andwherein the received movement data is also substantially associated withthe time period during which the pressure change occurred; based on thereceived movement data, determining, by the one or more servers, amovement pattern of the mobile device, the determined movement patternindicating one or more of whether or to what extent the mobile devicemoved vertically within the building; based on the determined movementpattern and on the received pressure data and movement data both beingsubstantially associated with the same time period, making adetermination, by the one or more servers, that, during the pressurechange, an altitude of the mobile device (i) remained substantiallyunchanged or (ii) changed by less than a threshold altitude change,wherein the determination indicates that the pressure change occurreddue to an air-conditioning system in the building being switched on orswitched off; and based at least on the determination that, during thepressure change, the altitude of the mobile device (i) remainedsubstantially unchanged or (ii) changed by less than the thresholdaltitude change, detecting, by the one or more servers, that theair-conditioning system has been switched on or switched offsubstantially during the associated time period.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein vertical movement of the mobile device correspond to orrepresents altitude change of the mobile device.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein making the determination corresponds to making adetermination that the mobile device remained on the same floor of thebuilding during the pressure change.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe received movement data indicates at least one or more of (i)direction of movement of the mobile device, (ii) one or more ofhorizontal or vertical acceleration or deceleration of the mobiledevice, (iii) speed of movement of the mobile device, or (iv)orientation of the mobile device.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinreceiving the pressure data occurs as part of a crowdsourcing processduring which the mobile device collects radio measurements in thebuilding, and wherein one or more of the collected radio measurements orthe received pressure data are candidates to be used for generating orupdating of a radio map.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the detectingcomprises detecting that the air-conditioning system has been switchedon, the method further comprising: in response to detecting that theair-conditioning system has been switched on, performing, by the one ormore servers, one or more of the following operations: (i) using thereceived pressure data as basis to determine one or more altitudes ofthe mobile device; (ii) using further pressure data, which issubsequently collected in the building while the air-conditioning systemremains switched on, as basis to determine one or more altitudes of themobile device; (iii) enabling subsequent collection in the building offurther pressure data while the air-conditioning system remains switchedon; (iv) using the collected radio measurements for generating orupdating of the radio map; (v) using further radio measurements, whichare subsequently collected in the building while the air-conditioningsystem remains switched on, for generating or updating of the radio map;or (vi) enabling subsequent collection in the building of further radiomeasurements while the air-conditioning system remains switched on. 7.The method of claim 5, wherein the detecting comprises detecting thatthe air-conditioning system has been switched off, the method furthercomprising: in response to detecting that the air-conditioning systemhas been switched off, performing, by the one or more servers, one ormore of the following operations: (i) discarding or filtering out thereceived pressure data; (ii) discarding or filtering out furtherpressure data that is subsequently collected in the building while theair-conditioning system remains switched off; (iii) disabling subsequentcollection in the building of further pressure data while theair-conditioning system remains switched off; (iv) discarding orfiltering out the collected radio measurements; (v) discarding orfiltering out further radio measurements that are subsequently collectedin the building while the air-conditioning system remains switched off;or (vi) disabling subsequent collection in the building of further radiomeasurements while the air-conditioning system remains switched off. 8.The method of claim 1, further comprising: making a furtherdetermination, by the one or more servers and in accordance with themethod, that, during the pressure change, respective altitudes of one ormore other mobile devices in the building also (i) remainedsubstantially unchanged or (ii) changed by less than the thresholdaltitude change, and wherein detecting that the air-conditioning systemin the building has been switched on or switched off is further based onmaking the further determination.
 9. The method of claim 1, whereinmaking the determination comprises or corresponds to determining one ormore of: (i) that the mobile device did not accelerate or deceleratevertically, (ii) that the mobile device accelerated or deceleratedvertically by less than a threshold extent of acceleration ordeceleration, (iii) that a speed of the mobile device is outside of aparticular range of speeds expected during travel on a verticalconnector within the building, (iv) that the movement pattern of themobile device is indicative of movement on a substantially flat surface,or (v) that the movement pattern of the mobile device does notcorrespond to a path set forth by a vertical connector within thebuilding.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing orproviding, by the one or more servers, information indicating that theair-conditioning system has been switched on or switched offsubstantially during the associated time period.
 11. The method of claim1, further comprising: repeatedly performing the method, by the one ormore servers and with respect to one or more mobile devices in thebuilding, to determine an operating pattern of the air-conditioningsystem, the operating pattern indicating (i) times associated with theair-conditioning system being on and (ii) times associated with theair-conditioning system being off.
 12. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising: based at least on the determined operating pattern of theair-conditioning system, controlling, by the one or more servers, one ormore of (i) crowdsourced collection of measurements in the building or(ii) use of measurements collected in the building for generating orupdating of a radio map.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:based at least on the determined operating pattern of theair-conditioning system, determining, by the one or more servers, abuilding type associated with the building.
 14. An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; a non-transitory computer readable medium; andprogram instructions stored on the non-transitory computer readablemedium and executable by the one or more processors to: receive, from amobile device, pressure data and movement data, wherein the receivedpressure data is in accordance with one or more measurements by one ormore barometers of the mobile device, wherein the received pressure dataindicates a pressure change that occurred within a building where themobile device is or was located, wherein the received pressure data isassociated with a time period during which the pressure change occurred,wherein the received movement data is in accordance with one or moremeasurements by one or more inertial sensors of the mobile device, andwherein the received movement data is also substantially associated withthe time period during which the pressure change occurred; based on thereceived movement data, determine a movement pattern of the mobiledevice, the determined movement pattern indicating one or more ofwhether or to what extent the mobile device moved vertically within thebuilding; based on the determined movement pattern and on the receivedpressure data and movement data both being substantially associated withthe same time period, make a determination that, during the pressurechange, an altitude of the mobile device (i) remained substantiallyunchanged or (ii) changed by less than a threshold altitude change,wherein the determination indicates that the pressure change occurreddue to an air-conditioning system in the building being switched on orswitched off; and based at least on the determination that, during thepressure change, the altitude of the mobile device (i) remainedsubstantially unchanged or (ii) changed by less than the thresholdaltitude change, detect that the air-conditioning system has beenswitched on or switched off substantially during the associated timeperiod.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein vertical movement of themobile device correspond to or represents altitude change of the mobiledevice.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein receiving the pressuredata occurs as part of a crowdsourcing process during which the mobiledevice collects radio measurements in the building, and wherein one ormore of the collected radio measurements or the received pressure dataare candidates to be used for generating or updating of a radio map. 17.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein making the determination comprises orcorresponds to determining one or more of: (i) that the mobile devicedid not accelerate or decelerate vertically, (ii) that the mobile deviceaccelerated or decelerated vertically by less than a threshold extent ofacceleration or deceleration, (iii) that a speed of the mobile device isoutside of a particular range of speeds expected during travel on avertical connector within the building, (iv) that the movement patternof the mobile device is indicative of movement on a substantially flatsurface, or (v) that the movement pattern of the mobile device does notcorrespond to a path set forth by a vertical connector within thebuilding.
 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein detecting that theair-conditioning system has been switched on or switched off is part ofdetermining an operating pattern of the air-conditioning system, theoperating pattern indicating (i) times associated with theair-conditioning system being on and (ii) times associated with theair-conditioning system being off.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18,wherein the program instructions are further executable to: based atleast on the determined operating pattern of the air-conditioningsystem, control one or more of (i) crowdsourced collection ofmeasurements in the building or (ii) use of measurements collected inthe building for generating or updating of a radio map.
 20. Anon-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereoninstructions executable by one or more servers to perform operationscomprising: receiving, from a mobile device, pressure data and movementdata, wherein the received pressure data is in accordance with one ormore measurements by one or more barometers of the mobile device,wherein the received pressure data indicates a pressure change thatoccurred within a building where the mobile device is or was located,wherein the received pressure data is associated with a time periodduring which the pressure change occurred, wherein the received movementdata is in accordance with one or more measurements by one or moreinertial sensors of the mobile device, and wherein the received movementdata is also substantially associated with the time period during whichthe pressure change occurred; based on the received movement data,determining a movement pattern of the mobile device, the determinedmovement pattern indicating one or more of whether or to what extent themobile device moved vertically within the building; based on thedetermined movement pattern and on the received pressure data andmovement data both being substantially associated with the same timeperiod, making a determination that, during the pressure change, analtitude of the mobile device (i) remained substantially unchanged or(ii) changed by less than a threshold altitude change, wherein thedetermination indicates that the pressure change occurred due to anair-conditioning system in the building being switched on or switchedoff; and based at least on the determination that, during the pressurechange, the altitude of the mobile device (i) remained substantiallyunchanged or (ii) changed by less than the threshold altitude change,detecting that the air-conditioning system has been switched on orswitched off substantially during the associated time period.